pretty-format

What is pretty-format?

The pretty-format npm package is a JavaScript library that allows you to serialize any JavaScript value into a string with a human-readable format. It is particularly useful for snapshot testing, where you want to compare the expected and actual output of your test cases.

What are pretty-format's main functionalities?

Pretty-printing of basic JavaScript types

This feature allows you to convert basic JavaScript types like objects, arrays, strings, numbers, etc., into a nicely formatted string.

const prettyFormat = require('pretty-format');
const value = { foo: 'bar', baz: 42 };
console.log(prettyFormat(value));

Customizing output with plugins

pretty-format supports plugins that can be used to customize the output for specific types of values, such as React elements.

const prettyFormat = require('pretty-format');
const ReactElementPlugin = require('pretty-format/plugins/ReactElement');
const reactElement = <div>Hello World</div>;
console.log(prettyFormat(reactElement, { plugins: [ReactElementPlugin] }));

Minimizing diff output

By using pretty-format in combination with a diffing library like jest-diff, you can minimize the output of diffs to make them easier to read and understand.

const prettyFormat = require('pretty-format');
const diff = require('jest-diff');
const oldValue = { a: 'old', b: 'values' };
const newValue = { a: 'new', b: 'values' };
const difference = diff(prettyFormat(oldValue), prettyFormat(newValue));
console.log(difference);

Other packages similar to pretty-format

chalk

Chalk is a popular npm package for styling terminal strings. While it doesn't serialize objects, it can be used in conjunction with pretty-format to colorize the output, enhancing readability.

util

Util is a core Node.js module that provides a method called 'inspect' for printing objects in a readable format. It is similar to pretty-format but is built into Node.js and does not support plugins.

js-beautify

js-beautify is an npm package that can format HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code. It is more focused on formatting code rather than serializing arbitrary JavaScript values like pretty-format.

README

pretty-format

Stringify any JavaScript value.

• Serialize built-in JavaScript types.
• Serialize application-specific data types with built-in or user-defined plugins.

Installation

$ yarn add pretty-format

Usage

const prettyFormat = require('pretty-format'); // CommonJS

import prettyFormat from 'pretty-format'; // ES2015 modules

const val = {object: {}};
val.circularReference = val;
val[Symbol('foo')] = 'foo';
val.map = new Map([['prop', 'value']]);
val.array = [-0, Infinity, NaN];

console.log(prettyFormat(val));
/*
Object {
  "array": Array [
    -0,
    Infinity,
    NaN,
  ],
  "circularReference": [Circular],
  "map": Map {
    "prop" => "value",
  },
  "object": Object {},
  Symbol(foo): "foo",
}
*/

Usage with options

function onClick() {}

console.log(prettyFormat(onClick));
/*
[Function onClick]
*/

const options = {
  printFunctionName: false,
};
console.log(prettyFormat(onClick, options));
/*
[Function]
*/

key	type	default	description
callToJSON	boolean	true	call toJSON method (if it exists) on objects
escapeRegex	boolean	false	escape special characters in regular expressions
escapeString	boolean	true	escape special characters in strings
highlight	boolean	false	highlight syntax with colors in terminal (some plugins)
indent	number	2	spaces in each level of indentation
maxDepth	number	Infinity	levels to print in arrays, objects, elements, and so on
min	boolean	false	minimize added space: no indentation nor line breaks
plugins	array	[]	plugins to serialize application-specific data types
printFunctionName	boolean	true	include or omit the name of a function
theme	object		colors to highlight syntax in terminal

Property values of theme are from ansi-styles colors

const DEFAULT_THEME = {
  comment: 'gray',
  content: 'reset',
  prop: 'yellow',
  tag: 'cyan',
  value: 'green',
};

Usage with plugins

The pretty-format package provides some built-in plugins, including:

• ReactElement for elements from react
• ReactTestComponent for test objects from react-test-renderer

// CommonJS
const prettyFormat = require('pretty-format');
const ReactElement = prettyFormat.plugins.ReactElement;
const ReactTestComponent = prettyFormat.plugins.ReactTestComponent;

const React = require('react');
const renderer = require('react-test-renderer');

// ES2015 modules and destructuring assignment
import prettyFormat from 'pretty-format';
const {ReactElement, ReactTestComponent} = prettyFormat.plugins;

import React from 'react';
import renderer from 'react-test-renderer';

const onClick = () => {};
const element = React.createElement('button', {onClick}, 'Hello World');

const formatted1 = prettyFormat(element, {
  plugins: [ReactElement],
  printFunctionName: false,
});
const formatted2 = prettyFormat(renderer.create(element).toJSON(), {
  plugins: [ReactTestComponent],
  printFunctionName: false,
});
/*
<button
  onClick=[Function]
>
  Hello World
</button>
*/

Usage in Jest

For snapshot tests, Jest uses pretty-format with options that include some of its built-in plugins. For this purpose, plugins are also known as snapshot serializers.

To serialize application-specific data types, you can add modules to devDependencies of a project, and then:

In an individual test file, you can add a module as follows. It precedes any modules from Jest configuration.

import serializer from 'my-serializer-module';
expect.addSnapshotSerializer(serializer);

// tests which have `expect(value).toMatchSnapshot()` assertions

For all test files, you can specify modules in Jest configuration. They precede built-in plugins for React, HTML, and Immutable.js data types. For example, in a package.json file:

{
  "jest": {
    "snapshotSerializers": ["my-serializer-module"]
  }
}

Writing plugins

A plugin is a JavaScript object.

If options has a plugins array: for the first plugin whose test(val) method returns a truthy value, then prettyFormat(val, options) returns the result from either:

• serialize(val, …) method of the improved interface (available in version 21 or later)
• print(val, …) method of the original interface (if plugin does not have serialize method)

test

Write test so it can receive val argument of any type. To serialize objects which have certain properties, then a guarded expression like val != null && … or more concise val && … prevents the following errors:

• TypeError: Cannot read property 'whatever' of null
• TypeError: Cannot read property 'whatever' of undefined

For example, test method of built-in ReactElement plugin:

const elementSymbol = Symbol.for('react.element');
const test = val => val && val.$$typeof === elementSymbol;

Pay attention to efficiency in test because pretty-format calls it often.

serialize

The improved interface is available in version 21 or later.

Write serialize to return a string, given the arguments:

• val which “passed the test”
• unchanging config object: derived from options
• current indentation string: concatenate to indent from config
• current depth number: compare to maxDepth from config
• current refs array: find circular references in objects
• printer callback function: serialize children

config

key	type	description
callToJSON	boolean	call toJSON method (if it exists) on objects
colors	Object	escape codes for colors to highlight syntax
escapeRegex	boolean	escape special characters in regular expressions
escapeString	boolean	escape special characters in strings
indent	string	spaces in each level of indentation
maxDepth	number	levels to print in arrays, objects, elements, and so on
min	boolean	minimize added space: no indentation nor line breaks
plugins	array	plugins to serialize application-specific data types
printFunctionName	boolean	include or omit the name of a function
spacingInner	strong	spacing to separate items in a list
spacingOuter	strong	spacing to enclose a list of items

Each property of colors in config corresponds to a property of theme in options:

• the key is the same (for example, tag)
• the value in colors is a object with open and close properties whose values are escape codes from ansi-styles for the color value in theme (for example, 'cyan')

Some properties in config are derived from min in options:

• spacingInner and spacingOuter are newline if min is false
• spacingInner is space and spacingOuter is empty string if min is true

Example of serialize and test

This plugin is a pattern you can apply to serialize composite data types. Side note: pretty-format does not need a plugin to serialize arrays.

// We reused more code when we factored out a function for child items
// that is independent of depth, name, and enclosing punctuation (see below).
const SEPARATOR = ',';
function serializeItems(items, config, indentation, depth, refs, printer) {
  if (items.length === 0) {
    return '';
  }
  const indentationItems = indentation + config.indent;
  return (
    config.spacingOuter +
    items
      .map(
        item =>
          indentationItems +
          printer(item, config, indentationItems, depth, refs), // callback
      )
      .join(SEPARATOR + config.spacingInner) +
    (config.min ? '' : SEPARATOR) + // following the last item
    config.spacingOuter +
    indentation
  );
}

const plugin = {
  test(val) {
    return Array.isArray(val);
  },
  serialize(array, config, indentation, depth, refs, printer) {
    const name = array.constructor.name;
    return ++depth > config.maxDepth
      ? '[' + name + ']'
      : (config.min ? '' : name + ' ') +
          '[' +
          serializeItems(array, config, indentation, depth, refs, printer) +
          ']';
  },
};

const val = {
  filter: 'completed',
  items: [
    {
      text: 'Write test',
      completed: true,
    },
    {
      text: 'Write serialize',
      completed: true,
    },
  ],
};

console.log(
  prettyFormat(val, {
    plugins: [plugin],
  }),
);
/*
Object {
  "filter": "completed",
  "items": Array [
    Object {
      "completed": true,
      "text": "Write test",
    },
    Object {
      "completed": true,
      "text": "Write serialize",
    },
  ],
}
*/

console.log(
  prettyFormat(val, {
    indent: 4,
    plugins: [plugin],
  }),
);
/*
Object {
    "filter": "completed",
    "items": Array [
        Object {
            "completed": true,
            "text": "Write test",
        },
        Object {
            "completed": true,
            "text": "Write serialize",
        },
    ],
}
*/

console.log(
  prettyFormat(val, {
    maxDepth: 1,
    plugins: [plugin],
  }),
);
/*
Object {
  "filter": "completed",
  "items": [Array],
}
*/

console.log(
  prettyFormat(val, {
    min: true,
    plugins: [plugin],
  }),
);
/*
{"filter": "completed", "items": [{"completed": true, "text": "Write test"}, {"completed": true, "text": "Write serialize"}]}
*/

print

The original interface is adequate for plugins:

• that do not depend on options other than highlight or min
• that do not depend on depth or refs in recursive traversal, and
• if values either
  • do not require indentation, or
  • do not occur as children of JavaScript data structures (for example, array)

Write print to return a string, given the arguments:

• val which “passed the test”
• current printer(valChild) callback function: serialize children
• current indenter(lines) callback function: indent lines at the next level
• unchanging config object: derived from options
• unchanging colors object: derived from options

The 3 properties of config are min in options and:

• spacing and edgeSpacing are newline if min is false
• spacing is space and edgeSpacing is empty string if min is true

Each property of colors corresponds to a property of theme in options:

• the key is the same (for example, tag)
• the value in colors is a object with open and close properties whose values are escape codes from ansi-styles for the color value in theme (for example, 'cyan')

Example of print and test

This plugin prints functions with the number of named arguments excluding rest argument.

const plugin = {
  print(val) {
    return `[Function ${val.name || 'anonymous'} ${val.length}]`;
  },
  test(val) {
    return typeof val === 'function';
  },
};

const val = {
  onClick(event) {},
  render() {},
};

prettyFormat(val, {
  plugins: [plugin],
});
/*
Object {
  "onClick": [Function onClick 1],
  "render": [Function render 0],
}
*/

prettyFormat(val);
/*
Object {
  "onClick": [Function onClick],
  "render": [Function render],
}
*/

This plugin ignores the printFunctionName option. That limitation of the original print interface is a reason to use the improved serialize interface, described above.

prettyFormat(val, {
  plugins: [pluginOld],
  printFunctionName: false,
});
/*
Object {
  "onClick": [Function onClick 1],
  "render": [Function render 0],
}
*/

prettyFormat(val, {
  printFunctionName: false,
});
/*
Object {
  "onClick": [Function],
  "render": [Function],
}
*/

Changelog

25.5.0

Features

• [@jest/globals] New package so Jest's globals can be explicitly imported (#9801)
• [jest-core] Show coverage of sources related to tests in changed files (#9769)
• [jest-runtime] Populate require.cache (#9841)

Fixes

• [*] Use graceful-fs directly in every package instead of relying on fs being monkey patched (#9443)
• [expect] Prints the Symbol name into the error message with a custom asymmetric matcher (#9888)
• [jest-circus, jest-jasmine2] Support older version of jest-runtime (#9903 & #9842)
• [@jest/environment] Make sure not to reference Jest types (#9875)
• [jest-message-util] Code frame printing should respect --noStackTrace flag (#9866)
• [jest-runtime] Support importing CJS from ESM using import statements (#9850)
• [jest-runtime] Support importing parallel dynamic imports (#9858)
• [jest-transform] Improve source map handling when instrumenting transformed code (#9811)

Chore & Maintenance

• [docs] Add an example for mocking non-default export class

Performance

• [jest-resolve] Update resolve to a version using native realpath, which is faster than the default JS implementation (#9872)
• [jest-resolve] Pass custom cached realpath function to resolve (#9873)
• [jest-runtime] Add teardown method to clear any caches when tests complete (#9906)
• [jest-runtime] Do not pass files required internally through transformation when loading them (#9900)
• [jest-runtime] Use Maps instead of object literals as cache holders (#9901)